Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Symptoms, Diagnostic and Treatment

What is Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Disease ?

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy are the symptoms of inflammation of the tissues of the eyes. They become painful, red and moisturized. The membranes of the eye are inflamed and swollen. Eyeballs protrude from the orbits. Due to impaired movement of the eye muscle, the eyes cannot move normally, and vision may be blurry or ambivalent.

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Symptoms, Diagnostic and Treatment

Key points:

Signs And Symptoms
Description
Diagnostics
Treatment

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Signs And Symptoms:

Sleep disturbance
Double vision, blurred vision
Tear
Narrowing of visual fields
Visual impairment
Swelling of the eyelids
Photophobia
Exophthalmos
Hot flashes (sensation of heat)
Irritability
Tremor
Tachycardia
Heartbeat
Conjunctival edema

The characteristic features of Endocrine Ophthalmopathy disease are the symptoms of inflammation of the tissues of the eyes. They become painful, red and moisturized. The membranes of the eye are inflamed and swollen. Eyeballs protrude from the orbits. Due to impaired movement of the eye muscle, the eyes cannot move normally, and vision may be blurry or ambivalent.

Patients complain of lacrimation, especially in the wind, photophobia, a feeling of pressure in the eyes, double vision (especially when looking up and sideways), bulging eyeballs. On examination, marked exophthalmos, often bilateral.

With the edematous form of the disease, pronounced edema of the eyelids, conjunctiva is noted. With the predominant involvement of extraocular muscles in the pathological process, the symptoms due to their defeat come to the fore: symptoms of Moebius, Gref, Dalrimple, Stelvag, etc. limitation of the mobility of the eyeballs up to their complete immobility

Endocrine ophthalmopathy has three independent forms, which can pass into each other or be isolated.

Thyrotoxic Exophthalmos
Edematous Exophthalmos
Endocrine Myopathy

Thyrotoxic exophthalmos can be unilateral or bilateral in nature, most often occurs in women and is characterized by increased irritability, sleep disturbance, and a feeling of heat. Patients complain of hand shake, palpitations, enlarged palpebral fissures, and occasional blinking. With the treatment of the thyroid gland, these symptoms disappear.

Edematous exophthalmos often develops in both eyes, but not always synchronously. The onset of the disease is indicated by the partial omission of the upper eyelid in the morning with the restoration of the palpebral fissure in the evening. Men and women with the same frequency get sick.

Without treatment, edematous exophthalmos leads to the development of complications such as corneal ulcer, immobility of the eyeball and decreased visual acuity due to atrophy of the optic nerve.

Endocrine myopathy is more common in men, occurs against hypothyroidism, usually on both sides. The onset of the disease is indicated by a symptom of double vision in the eyes, which is due to a limitation of eye mobility. Gradually, an increase in the eyeball is formed. Without treatment, the risk of developing fibrosis of the eye structures is high.

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Description :

Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) is an autoimmune disease of the tissues and muscles of the orbit, leading to the development of exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs) and a complex of eye symptoms. The disease is based on autoimmune disorders leading to changes in extraocular muscles and retrobulbar fiber.

In the pathological process, soft tissues of the orbit are affected against the background of impaired thyroid function. The disease is caused by the reaction of antibodies and some white blood cells with proteins of the eye muscle, connective tissue and fatty tissue surrounding the eyeball.

This condition should be distinguished from mild ocular symptoms in the form of "bulging" eyes and spasm of the eyelids arising from the action of an excess of thyroid hormones, and found in patients with thyrotoxicosis .

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy was studied in more detail in the late 40s of the XX century. And then it turned out that suffering from a thyroid disease with the involvement of the organ of vision, are quite common.

In the medical literature over the course of all these years, a discussion continues about the cause of the protrusion of the eye, opinions are made about which tissues in the orbit suffer first. Many synonyms used in the literature until recently indicate the absence of a complete concept of the emergence and development of this extremely serious disease.

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Diagnostics :

On examination, you can see that the eyes protrude from the orbits. This protrusion (exophthalmos) can be measured with a special instrument - an “exophthalmometer”. Normally, with exophthalmometry, eyeballs protrude 15-18 mm, with Endocrine Ophthalmopathy, this figure is 2-8 mm higher.

On the fundus, edema of the retina and optic discs, atrophy of the optic nerves are detected. There is a concentric narrowing of the visual fields, sometimes - ulceration of the cornea, its perforation, infection attachment.

Ultrasound examination is of great importance for the diagnosis, allowing you to determine the severity of damage and distinguish groups of affected oculomotor muscles, if necessary, computed or magnetic tomography, scintigraphy. Studies are also being appointed to identify the pathology of thyroid function.

Endocrine Ophthalmopathy Treatment :

Unfortunately, there are no adequate methods of treatment for Endocrine Ophthalmopathy disease, which is carried out jointly by an ophthalmologist and an endocrinologist, taking into account the severity of the disease and thyroid dysfunction. An indispensable condition for successful treatment is the achievement of an euthyroid state (the absence of clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction).

Since thyrotoxicosis affects ophthalmopathy, it is important to treat thyrotoxicosis quickly and effectively, while trying to avoid hypothyroidism , which also damages the eyes. In most patients, the eye condition improves somewhat with successful treatment of the thyroid gland.

In some patients, this disease progresses despite treatment of the thyroid gland. In this case, potent drugs, such as steroid hormones or immunosuppressants, are prescribed to prevent extremely undesirable complications such as swelling of the optic nerve and blindness.

If these measures do not affect within a few days, it may be necessary to reduce the pressure in the orbit by removing part of the tissue by surgery or by x-raying the eye. Both methods quickly reduce pressure on the eyeball and surrounding tissues of the orbit and prevent the development of irreversible damage to the optic nerve or glaucoma.

Symptomatic treatment is aimed at correcting the symptoms of the disease. In particular, antibiotic drops , eye ointment, eye protection from the sun and drying out are often prescribed .

According to the testimony, the doctor may recommend medications to reduce swelling, exophthalmos, to increase the volume of movement of the eyeballs, reduce unpleasant sensations in the eyes, dehydration preparations, stimulate neuromuscular conduction, and also improve metabolic processes in the oculomotor. In some cases, magnetotherapy to the orbit region is useful, in difficult situations, radiotherapy to the orbit region is prescribed.

After treatment, or when the eye symptoms go away on their own, eye inflammation rarely recurs and treatment is not required to continue. However, patients who have not previously had a thyroid disease should be examined regularly if they develop it.

Patients with eye disease who have already been treated for thyrotoxicosis should also be examined regularly to ensure that the thyroid gland is functioning properly, since a relapse of thyrotoxicosis or the development of hypothyroidism can cause a new outbreak of eye disease.

Therapeutic techniques consist in stabilizing the functions of the thyroid gland (achieving an euthyroid state). If these measures are ineffective, surgical tactics are used in treatment (thyroidectomy) followed by hormone replacement therapy.

What is Bile Duct Cancer Disease?

Bile Duct Cancer Disease develops in the bile ducts,the bile ducts become progressively thinner and eventually become clogged.

Jaundice, often found in gallstones:

Duct Cancer Disease is overwhelmingly found in jaundice. Jaundice is often accompanied by fever. However, until jaundice appears, there is usually no such symptom.Gallbladder Cancer is also almost asymptomatic in the early days.

Bile Duct Cancer Symptoms are such as :

Jaundice
Weight loss
Anorexia appear only after significant progression

In addition, Gallbladder Cancer is often accompanied by a gallstone, pain in the upper right abdomen, fever, nausea, vomiting.It is also rarely found in the symptoms of cholecystitis caused by gallstones.

Bile Duct Cancer and Gallbladder Cancer Treatment

Root treatment is resection of Gallbladder Cancer:

The method of surgery varies considerably depending on the degree of cancer progression. Early ones only need to take the gall bladder and surrounding lymph nodes and have a good prognosis. However, advanced disease requires major surgery to remove part of the duodenum, pancreas, and liver, and there are many cases of recurrence after surgery.

Bile duct Cancer Treatment

The method of surgery depends on where the cancer can occur. If the cancer is from the middle to the bottom, a pancreaticoduodenectomy is needed to remove the bile duct and part of the duodenum and pancreas. This is a rather large operation, but it can now be done safely.

On the other hand, if the cancer has spread to the upper cancer, especially to the bile duct in the liver (called hilar cholangiocarcinoma ), diagnosis is difficult and surgery is also difficult. Not easy. If extensive liver resection is required, percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization is used to fill the portal vein of the liver, which is to be removed two to three weeks before surgery, with a special drug.

In this way, the liver that is to be resected is smaller, while the liver that is to be left larger is more secure for surgery.

What Is Pancreatic Cancer ?

Pancreatic cancer starts when cells in the pancreas begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms and Treatment

Symptoms and early detection Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is steadily increasing year by year, but it is not clear what kind of people are likely to become victim of it. However, statistically, it tends to be higher in men over the age of 50.

Major Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

Jaundice
Pain
Weight loss

The part of the pancreas close to the duodenum is called the head of the pancreas, where the bile duct runs, which is the path for bile. When cancer develops in the head of the pancreas, the bile ducts are clogged and the bile drops off, causing jaundice.

About 70% of Pancreatic Cancers form in the head of the pancreas and are often found in jaundice.Other symptoms include upper abdominal pain (often dull), weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, back pain and tension, and sometimes a lump in the upper abdomen.

In general, early detection of Pancreatic Cancer is difficult because patients do not visit a clinic at this time because subjective symptoms are poor at an early stage.

However, in this cancer, urine may produce sugar, so if you have no diabetes and you are not fat and you are positive for urine sugar for the first time after 50 years of age, you should also have your pancreas examined carefully.

Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer

Root treatment is resection of lesion .Removing the cancer by surgery is the fundamental treatment.

Cancer that has formed in the head of the pancreas requires a procedure called pancreaticoduodenectomy, which removes the stomach, duodenum, gallbladder, and bile duct together with the pancreatic head. This is a rather large operation, but it is now safe to do so.

Just behind the pancreas is an important blood vessel called the portal vein. If the portal vein was broken, it was considered impossible to remove it, but recently the portal vein can be removed at the same time. Advances in surgical techniques have significantly reduced Pancreatic Cancer that cannot be removed .

Pancreatic Cancer often causes recurrence, such as metastasis to the liver or peritoneum, compared to cancer of the stomach or colon.

Attempts have been made to give radiation therapy during surgery or to administer powerful anticancer drugs after surgery to prevent cancer recurrence.

Some types of cancer cure completely

There is a special type of Pancreatic Cancer that produces a large amount of mucus (called mucin-producing Pancreatic Cancer).

This cancer is relatively easy to diagnose because the pancreatic ducts are significantly enlarged and cysts are formed. In addition, because of its slow growth and low malignancy, it is attracting attention as a cancer that can be completely cured by surgery.

What Is Liver Cancer ?

Liver Cancer begins in the cells of liver.The most common type of Liver Cancer is Hepatocellular Carcinoma, which begins in liver cell (hepatocyte).

Other Types of Liver Cancer:

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoblastoma.

Liver Cancer Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment

What Is Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

Among the cancers that can form in the liver are cancers of hepatocytes (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) and cancers derived from the bile duct (bile duct cancer), as well as Stomach, intestine, pancreas Some cancers of the organs can spread to the liver. Normally, Liver Cancer refers to Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Liver Cancer accounts for 1-1.5% of all malignant tumors. Most often hepatocellular cancer develops (90%), less often - cholangiocellular cancer (10%). The development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma can occur against the background of previous cirrhosis or without it.

Signs And Symptoms Of Liver Cancer :

Weight loss
Yellow skin
Yellow sclera
Finger deformation
Loss (lack) of appetite
General weakness, fatigue
Pain in the right hypochondrium
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

The clinical symptoms are different depending on this. If, against the background of signs of cirrhosis of the liver, there is a sharp deterioration in general condition, rapid loss of body weight, pain in the right hypochondrium, an increase in laboratory signs of impaired liver function, the appearance of ascites, and the size of the focal formations according to ultrasound tomography also changes, it is reasonable to assume Liver Cancer.

In other cases, against the background of a favorable general condition, an enlargement of the liver is detected during palpation, and on ultrasound and computed tomograms, a large tumor with small formations or without them is detected (nodular form). Sometimes a large node is not found (diffuse form). With the progression of the disease, intra-abdominal bleeding, jaundice, ascites, and other symptoms may develop.

Liver Cancer is almost asymptomatic in the early stages. When symptoms such as jaundice, swelling of the liver, fever, and general weakness are observed, it is often so advanced that surgery is not possible.

Therefore, those who have abnormal liver functions such as cirrhosis [health] and hepatitis, should have blood tests and abdominal ultrasonography (these tests can be done outpatient) regularly, preferably two to three times a year. Receiving is crucial for early detection.

Diagnosis of Liver Cancer

The diagnosis of Liver Cancer is established by a biopsy of the tumor (percutaneous, laparoscopic). The determination of fetoprotein in the blood is of great importance, the level of which in hepatocellular cancer is high in 70-90% of patients.

The degree of spread of the disease is also established by angiography. The differential diagnosis is carried out with metastatic cancer. Liver Cancer metastases occur within the body, less often (30-50%) in the periportal lymph nodes, Lungs, and bones.

Treatment of Liver Cancer:

Liver Resection (surgery )
Hepatic artery embolization
Puncture Therapy
Liver transplantation

Liver Resection (Surgery):

Liver Cancer has a property that cancer cells can easily enter blood vessels compared to other cancers. Therefore, even if the cancer is removed by surgery, it often recurs in another part of the liver. However, the results of surgery have been improving year by year, and the five-year survival rate has now reached 40-50%.

With localized Hepatocellular Carcinoma, a liver resection is performed. Five-year survival is an average of 15-30%, the best results are obtained with highly differentiated cancer.

Temporary objective and subjective improvement is given by ligation or embolization of the hepatic artery. Improvement is also observed with chemotherapy through the hepatic artery or systemically intravenously.

Hepatic artery embolization:

One is called hepatic artery embolization (TAE), which inserts a thin tube from the inguinal region into the artery of the liver and blocks the artery that nourishes the cancer with gelatinous material. At the same time, it is a method of injecting anticancer drugs to stop feeding nutrition to cancer lesions.

Puncture Therapy:

The other is local anesthesia, which involves piercing the liver with a needle from outside the body. There are several methods. These are indicated for relatively small Liver Cancers.

Transcutaneous ethanol injection therapy Aim at the exact location of the cancer with ultrasound, and inject 100% ethanol, that is, pure alcohol, into the Hepatocellular Carcinoma. A treatment that kills cancer tissue by the chemical action of alcohol.
Radiofrequency ablation therapy and microwave coagulation therapy While observing them with ultrasound, a thin electrode is inserted into the cancer tissue, and a relatively low-frequency radio wave or microwave is applied. This heat burns the cancer cells and kills them. The temperature of heat is about 100 ℃ by radio wave and about 300 ℃ by microwave.

The use of (1) and (2) is not always clear, but recently radiofrequency ablation has been increasing.

These two treatments depend on the location and size of the cancer, but may involve both. In both cases, unlike surgery to recuperate, only one week of hospitalization is required. Both are done as often as possible at intervals of 3-6 months.

In particular, radiofrequency ablation has been reported to be as good as surgery for relatively small (less than 3 cm in diameter) cancers.

Liver transplantation:

Generally, good indications for liver transplantation are said to be “within 3 cancers of 3 cm or less in diameter” or “1 cancer of 5 cm or less”, and such cases are now covered by insurance. Was. Although there are still many problems with liver transplantation, it will be one of the leading treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the future.

What is a Colon Polyp Disease?

A large bowel polyp (Colon Polyp ) may be found on a large bowel examination. Colonic polyps are bumps that protrude from the mucosal surface of the large intestine. The original meaning of polyps is "mushroom-like bumps". And polyps come in many shapes.

A pedunculated polyp with a stem like a tulip flower stem, a subpedunculated polyp with a constricted but no stem, a broad base polyp with a broad root The tumor that has spread to the side is called a laterally growing tumor.

About 10% of polyps contain cancer. More specifically, polyps made from adenomas (those with properties intermediate between normal mucosa and cancer are considered precancerous lesions) are at risk of becoming cancerous.

However, small polyps (usually less than about 5 mm in diameter and called hyperplastic polyps) do not cause cancer. As described above, polyps include (1) polyps that do not cause cancer (hyperplastic polyps), (2) polyps that are precancerous lesions (adenomas), (3) polyps that already contain cancer.

Choosing a polyp or not:

If you already have cancer, or if you are between normal and cancer (adenoma *), you need to take a polyp. The reason for taking a polyp is to cure the cancer if it is present and to prevent adenomas from becoming cancer in the future. Hyperplastic polyps are not considered necessary to be forced or treated.

Recently, a detailed examination of the surface of a polyp by colonoscopy reveals little by little to distinguish between those that do not result in cancer, those that are between normal and cancer (adenoma), and those that already have cancer. I have come to understand.

Adenomas are close to normal and close to cancer. Some are close to normal and follow the course without taking small polyps.
Hyperplastic polyps are not considered to be cancerous, but very rarely, hyperplastic polyps may have cancer.

Also Read: Colon Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Colon Polyp Treatment :

Surgery to remove colon polyps
Cut the polyp with an endoscope

Surgery to remove colon polyps:

To explain in more detail, polyps include following :

1) Polyps that are not likely to become cancerous (hyperplastic polyps).
2) polyps that exhibit intermediate properties between normal and cancer (adenoma ).
3) polyps already contain cancer, but only a small portion of mucosal epithelium has cancer (intramucosal cancer, m cancer).
4) polyps have cancer There are four cases: cancer that extends deeper into the submucosa than the mucosal epithelium (submucosal cancer, sm cancer).

There is no need to force step (1). (2) and (3) are polyps that can be taken with colonoscopy. In (4) sm cancer, there are three stages, sm1, sm2 and sm3, depending on the depth. sm1 can be taken with a colonoscope. For sm2 and sm3, there is a risk of lymph node metastasis.

Cut the polyp with an endoscope

There are two ways to take a polyp with an endoscope:

Endoscopic polypectomy is a method in which a loop (snare) made of wire is placed on the stalk of a polyp while observing the polyp, and the wire is cut small and then cut with high-frequency current.

Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) is a method in which physiological saline is injected under the mucosa at the base of the polyp, the base of the polyp is inflated and thickened, and then a snare is applied and cut off with a high-frequency current.

It is characterized by the fact that the base of the polyp can be taken large, the risk of bleeding after taking the polyp is small, and the risk of a hole in the large intestine is small

What is Colon Cancer?

Colon Cancer is a malignant tumor begins from the inner wall of the large intestine or rectum.If you know the Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer which it causes, doctor may be able to perform Diagnosis and Treat it early. Digestive System Disease, Colorectal Cancer is the third leading cause of cancer in USA.

Colon Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

The large intestine is the colon that begins with the cecum, which receives food residues from the small intestine (stool) (the ascending colon) (the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the colon). It is a term that refers to the entire intestine, which is about 1 m and 80 cm in length, extending to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus.

The rectum is divided into three parts: the rectum sigmoid part, the upper rectum, and the lower rectum. Depending on where the cancer has developed, it is called colon or rectal cancer.

Colon Cancer and Rectal Cancer are collectively called Colon Cancer. Diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the anus and anal cancer are also included in Colorectal Cancer in a broad sense .

Also Read : Esophageal Cancer : Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

Causes of Colon Cancer :

Fatty or high-fat diets
Protein-rich or high-protein

Colorectal Cancer is very common in developed countries such as the United States.Westernization of diet means that foods with high fat and protein, such as meat and butter, are consumed more frequently, and the intake of dietary fiber such as rice, wheat, potatoes, bread, noodles, vegetables, etc. has decreased relatively.

That means. Fatty or high-fat diets, protein-rich or high-protein diets alter intestinal bacteria in the intestine, resulting in carcinogens that act on the colonic mucosa to cause cancer Is believed to be.

Signs and Symptoms of Colon Cancer:

Bleeding during bowel movement
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Abdominal mass

However, many people (70%of those with Colorectal Cancer ) who are aware of these symptoms usually do not go to the hospital for more than three months. Bleeding during defecation may include blood around the stool, mixed stool and blood, or blood adhered to the paper wiped after defecation.

Clinical symptoms vary depending on the location of the tumor . In the initial stages of the disease, its manifestations may be insignificant (dyspeptic symptoms, anemia with hidden blood loss, etc.).

In the future, the signs of the disease increase, in severe cases, intestinal obstruction, bleeding, inflammatory complications (abscess, phlegmon, peritonitis) are observed. With Colorectal Cancer, a tumor can grow into the bladder, vagina with the development of fistulas, cause compression of the ureters, etc.

In the case of rectal cancer and sigmoid Colon Cancer, red blood (fresh blood) comes out, so you can be aware that you are also bleeding. In any case, if you have bloody stool, you need to go to a specialist as soon as possible to have a colon examination.

Even ascending colon and cecum cancers bleed from the lesion, but when stool is defecated, the blood is often black or brown, not old blood. In ascending colon and cecum cancers, the main symptoms are lumps (mass) in the lower right abdomen, anemia, and weight loss.

Description of Colon Cancer:

The localization of Colon Cancer can be different - in the ascending, transverse colon, descending, sigmoid colon. Colorectal Cancer is located in the anal, lower, middle, upper ampullar and rectosigmoid region.The tumor grows mainly exophytic (in the lumen of the intestine) or endophytic (in the thickness of the intestinal wall).

Most often diagnosed with adenocarcinomas, rarely the tumor has the structure of cricoid-cell, undifferentiated or squamous cell carcinoma. Colon and rectal cancer metastasizes to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and sometimes to other organs. The classification of this disease is carried out according to the TNM system

Also Read : Stomach Cancer Symptoms and Treatment | Gastric Cancer

Diagnosis for Colon Cancer:

The diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in the early stages is based on data from digital rectal examination, irrigoscopy , sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy ( with biopsy ). Dispensary supervision is subject to sick risk groups.

In other cases, the selection of patients for examination is carried out after analysis of clinical symptoms, obtaining the results of an analysis of feces for the presence of blood, determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in the blood. To exclude liver metastases, ultrasound imaging is performed.

Treatment for Colon Cancer :

Surgical
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

The main treatment for Colorectal Cancer is surgical. After radical surgery, 5-year survival is 50-60%. With Colon Cancer, a right or left hemicolectomy is performed. When a tumor is localized in the distal third of the sigmoid colon, its resection is performed.

In case of rectal cancer, an operation is performed with removal of the closure apparatus (abdominal-perineal extirpation with a colostomy) or its preservation (abdominal-anal resection with or without lowering the colon, anterior resection, Hartmann surgery).

Palliative surgery can reduce the manifestations of the disease (bypass intestinal anastomosis, colostomy for obstruction; palliative resection for liver metastases; ligation or embopization of the hepatic artery, etc.).

Radiation Therapy may cause partial regression of the tumor. Most often it is used in primary and recurrent Colorectal Cancer.

Chemotherapy is used only in cases of inoperable tumors and metastases. It is effective in 20-40% of patients.

Surgery for advanced Colon Cancer :

In the case of surgery for sm2, sm3 colon and advanced Colorectal Cancer, the intestine is removed 5 to 10 cm away from the mouth (closer to the mouth) and anal side (closer to the anus).

The intestine contains arteries that flow into the intestine, veins that flow out of the intestine, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes that are contained in the mesentery membrane. And there is a risk that veins, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes may contain cancer cells that have flowed away from the cancer focus.

Therefore, the mesentery containing the lymph nodes is removed together with the large intestine. The size of the mesentery and lymph node resection range may be up to two groups or up to three groups. In the case of sm cancer, up to 2 groups are often taken, and in the case of advanced cancer, up to 3 groups.

However, if the patient's age or co-morbidities (such as diseases the patient has other than Colorectal Cancer , diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease, respiratory disease, etc.), resection up to 2 groups Sometimes it is.

What is Peritonitis Cancer?

Peritonitis Cancer OR Peritoneal Cancer is caused by inflammation of the peritoneum (a thin film lining the walls of the abdominal cavity and the organs located in it). 15-20% of all cases of acute surgical diseases and injuries of the abdominal organs occur, usually as a complication of a purulent disease or a violation of the integrity of any organ of the abdominal cavity.

Peritonitis Cancer Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

A very dangerous disease - mortality with widespread purulent peritonitis is 25-30%, with the development of multiple organ failure, it reaches 90%.

Signs And Symptoms of Peritonitis Cancer

Abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain
Vomiting
Nausea
Increased heart rate
Earthy gray skin
Increased heart rate
Earthy gray skin
Abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain

The very first Symptom is severe pain, which begins in the area of the source of Peritoneal Cancer, it gradually spreads throughout the abdomen and becomes constant, after which it becomes impossible to determine exactly where it hurts. Then there is paralysis of the nerve endings of the peritoneum, due to which the pain wanes.

Moreover, if nausea and vomiting at the beginning of peritonitis are reflex, then later they become a result of intestinal paralysis. In the vomit appears bile, and after that - the contents of the small intestine (the so-called fecal vomiting). The temperature rises.

With the spread of Peritonitis Cancer, the condition worsens significantly: the face becomes earthy pale, its features are pointed, the pulse is up to 140 or more beats per minute, the abdomen is painful to palpation and swelling, vomiting is continuous.

Also Read : Lung Cancer : Symptoms, Causes, Diagnoses and Treatment

Causes of Peritonitis Cancer

The main cause of Peritoneal Cancer is infection. But it can also be a consequence of exposure to the peritoneum of gastric or pancreatic juice, blood, bile, urine (the so-called chemical-toxic peritonitis).

Peritonitis Cancer may occur with:

Appendicitis
Surgical interventions
Acute pancreatitis
Mesenteric vascular thrombosis
Various injuries
Gynecological diseases
Acute bowel obstruction
Inflammation of the extrahepatic biliary tract and liver
Ulcers of the stomach and duodenum , as well as intestinal ulcers (ulcerative necrotic enterocolitis of dysenteric, typhoid, oncological, tuberculosis origin)
Hernias

But it happens that the cause of Peritonitis Cancer is not even recognized at autopsy (cryptogenic Peritonitis Cancer).

Peritonitis Cancer is divided into aseptic and infectious, the latter also differ in the type of pathogen - streptococcal, staphylococcal, caused by mixed flora or Escherichia coli.

Peritoneal Cancer is also distinguished because of the occurrence (appendicular, after perforation of a stomach ulcer, etc.). By the nature of the exudate (inflammatory effusion - fluid that seeps from small blood vessels): serous, serous-fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, putrefactive, etc.

Also Read : Stomach Cancer : Symptoms and Treatment | Gastric Cancer

Diagnostics for Peritonitis Cancer

To establish an accurate diagnosis, X-ray , ultrasound , laparocentesis (abdominal puncture) and endovideoscopy are prescribed according to indications.

Treatment for Peritonitis Cancer

Urgent hospitalization is necessary and, with rare exceptions, surgical intervention, which is considered one of the most difficult.
If Peritoneal Cancer is in an early stage, then the stomach is emptied once with a probe. In the late stage, the probe is driven for a long time.
With the help of multi component anesthesia, anesthesia is performed, then surgical intervention, during which Peritoneal Cancer is eliminated or reliably isolated. An important role is played by the preparation of the patient for surgery. Surgeons prefer to postpone it for a couple of hours than to operate on an unprepared patient.
Sometimes peritoneal lavage is performed - flow-through washing with solutions of antiseptics and antibiotics of the abdominal cavity.

Recently, in the postoperative period, relaparotomy (repeated laparotomy) has been effective, in which the abdominal cavity is thoroughly washed and drained (ensure

the outflow of its contents). The first of them is performed one day after the operation. The next relaparotomy is another day or two later.

After the operation, anesthesia, intravenous therapy, extracorporeal detoxification (removal of toxins by means of extracorporeal oxygenation, hemodialysis,

hemosorption, ultrafiltration, enterosorption, therapeutic plasmapheresis, xenosplenoperfusion, lymphosorption, abdominal hemoperfusion) are performed. Antibacterial

therapy and immunocorrection are also needed.

Various enemas and stimulation of intestinal motility with the help of physiotherapy are prescribed , as well as hyperbaric oxygenation.

How to Prevent Peritonitis Cancer?

It is necessary to timely treat diseases of the abdominal organs, as well as hernias. When acute diseases or trauma of the abdominal organs appear, emergency care.

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